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Polish prisoners-of-war in the Soviet Union after 1939
As a result of the Soviet invasion of Poland in 1939, hundreds of thousands of Polish soldiers became prisoners of war in the Soviet Union. Many of them were executed; over 20,000 Polish military personnel and civilians perished in the Katyn massacre.〔Fischer, Benjamin B., "(The Katyn Controversy: Stalin's Killing Field )", ''Studies in Intelligence'', Winter 1999-2000.〕〔
==Soviet invasion of Poland==
On September 17, 1939, the Red Army invaded the territory of Poland from the east. The invasion took place while Poland was already sustaining serious defeats in the wake of the German attack on the country that started on September 1, 1939. The Soviets moved to safeguard their claims in accordance with the Molotov-Ribbentrop Pact.〔Encyklopedia PWN ('KAMPANIA WRZEŚNIOWA 1939' ), last retrieved on 10 December 2005, Polish language〕〔Stanley S. Seidner, ''Marshal Edward Śmigły-Rydz Rydz and the Defense of Poland'', New York, 1978.〕
During the Red Army's rapid advance, about 6,000–7,000 Polish soldiers died in the fighting,〔 (Edukacja Humanistyczna w wojsku ). 1/2005. Dom wydawniczy Wojska Polskiego. . (Official publication of the Polish Army). Retrieved 28 November 2006.〕 230,000–450,000 were taken prisoner—230,000 immediately after the campaign and 70,000 more when the Soviets annexed the Baltic States and assumed custody of Polish troops interned there.〔〔〔 (obozy jenieckie żołnierzy polskich ) (Prison camps for Polish soldiers) Encyklopedia PWN. Retrieved 28 November 2006.〕〔 Молотов на V сессии Верховного Совета 31 октября цифра «примерно 250 тыс.» (Please provide translation of the reference title and publication data and means)〕〔 Отчёт Украинского и Белорусского фронтов Красной Армии Мельтюхов, с. 367. () (Please provide translation of the reference title and publication data and means)〕
The Soviets often failed to honour the terms of surrender. In some cases, they promised Polish soldiers freedom after capitulation and then arrested them when they laid down their arms.〔Sanford, (Google Books, p. 20-24. )〕 Some Polish soldiers were murdered shortly after capture, like General Józef Olszyna-Wilczyński, who was taken prisoner, interrogated and shot on September 22, during the invasion itself.〔〔 (Olszyna-Wilczyński Józef Konstanty ), entry at Encyklopedia PWN. Retrieved 14 November 2006.〕〔 Polish Institute of National Remembrance. 16.10.03. From Internet Archive.〕 On September 24, the Soviets murdered forty-two staff and patients at a Polish military hospital in the village of Grabowiec near Zamość.〔 (Tygodnik Zamojskim ), 15 September 2004. Retrieved 28 November 2006.〕 After a tactical Polish victory at the battle of Szack on September 28, where the combined ''Korpus Ochrony Pogranicza '' (KOP) or Border Protection Corps forces, under General Wilhelm Orlik-Rueckemann, routed the Soviet 52nd Rifle Division, the Soviets executed all the Polish officers they captured.〔 (Szack ). Encyklopedia Interia. Retrieved 28 November 2006.〕 The Soviets also executed hundreds of defenders at Grodno, the exact number of those killed has not been established.
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